Brief Review of Threats to Canada's Groundwater from the Oil and Gas Industry's Methane Migration and Hydraulic Fracturing
A Public Interest Project by Ernst Environmental Services
______________________________________
Endnotes/References
(Links change frequently and documents are often removed from public access, especially since the Government of Canada became the “Harper Government™”)
1 Standing Committee on Energy, the Environment and Natural Resources. November, 2005. Water in the
West: Under Pressure Fourth Interim Report.
2 Suro, Roberto May 3, 1992 Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells Become Pollution Portals The New York Times
3 Crowe, A.S., K.A. Schaefer, A. Kohut, S.G. Shikaze, C.J. Ptacek. 2003. Groundwater Quality Canadian
Council of Ministers of the Environment. Winnipeg, Manitoba. Linking Water Science to Policy Workshop
Series. Report No. 2.
4 Nikiforuk, A. December 19, 2011. Fracking Contamination “Will Get Worse”: Alberta Expert The Tyee
5 POWERSAlberta Press Release, August 22, 2011. What Fresh Hell is this?
6 POWERSAlberta Press Release, September 10, 2011. What Fresh Hell is This?
7 POWERSAlberta Frack Workshop. September 10, 2011. What Fresh Hell is This?
8 Fakete, J. and R. Penty. Environment Canada to study hydraulic fracturing Post Media News and Calgary
Herald, September 21, 2011. Previously available at
9 Council of Canadian Academies. 2012. The Expert Panel on Harnessing Science and Technology to Understand
10 Council of Canadian Academies website. May 30, 2013. Harnessing Science and Technology to Understand the Environmental Impacts of Shale Gas Extraction.
11 Council of Canadians. January 25, 2013. Fracking review flawed, relies on industry information
12 Natural Resources Canada. January, 2006. Results to the Information Request by Ken Ruben to Natural
Resources Canada under the Access to Information Act.
13 Rosenberg International Forum on Water Policy. February, 2007. Report of the Rosenberg International
Forum on Water Policy to the Ministry of Environment, Province of Alberta University of California, Division of
Agriculture and Natural Resources
14 Dyck, Toban, April 12, 2013. Manitoba’s dark secret. Spectator Tribune
15 Dyck, Toban, April 12, 2013. Manitoba’s dark secret. Spectator Tribune
16 US Environmental Protection Agency. December, 1987. EPA Report to Congress: Management of Wastes
from the Exploration, Development, and Production of Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Geothermal Energy Volume
1 of 3 Oil and Gas, EPA/530-SW-88-003, December 1987
17 Urbina, I. The New York Times, August 3, 2011. Drilling Down, One Tainted Water Well, and Concern There
18 Kooyman, RW, MB Muir, RP Marcinew, and K Bennaceur. Sept-Oct 1989. Effective Hydraulic Fracturing Of
The Lower Amaranth Formation In Southern Manitoba in Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology Vol 28,
No. 5, Paper No 89-05-05.
19 Canadian Natural Gas, 2010 Full Potential: Unconventional Gas Development in Canada. Canadian Natural
Gas is a made-in-Canada advocacy project sponsored by the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers and
other industry lobby groups.
20 EnCana. Advertising brochure on the company website www.encana.com September 19, 2011. “Quick Info:
Hydraulic Fracturing.”
21 Wright, K. April 19, 1993. Foul Water Leads to Court Methane Contamination from CBM in High Country
News
Chafin, Daniel, T. 1994. Source and Migration Pathways of Natural Gas in Near-Surface Ground Water Beneath
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Legal Environmental Assistance Foundation, Inc. “(LEAF) and Ruben and Cynthia McMillan petition to the
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Rogers, S. M. 2009. History of Litigation Concerning Hydraulic Fracturing to Produce Coalbed Methane
State Oil and Gas Board of Alabama, IOGCC Legal and Regulatory Affairs Committee
22 Wright, K. April 19, 1993. Foul Water Leads to Court Methane Contamination from CBM in High Country
News
23 Ibrahim, Mariam. July 7, 2010. Calmar residents know the drill as company works to cap abandoned well The
Edmonton Journal.
24 Williams, B. May 4, 2011. Press Release Calmar Homeowners Suing Town of Calmar and Aztec Home Sales
25 CTV News. June 3, 2010. Abandoned gas well in Calmar leads to more questions
26 Douglas H. Hamilton, D. H., and Richard L. Meehan. 1992. Cause of the 1985 Ross Store Explosion and
Other Gas Ventings, Fairfax District, Los Angeles In Engineering Geology Practice in Southern California,
Association of Engineering Geologists, Special Publication No. 4.
27 Douglas H. Hamilton, D. H., and Richard L. Meehan. 2000. Methane dangers in Los Angeles linked to waste
disposal in old oilfields Paper presented at Meeting of the Pacific Section Convention American Association
Petroleum Geologists and Western Regional Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers Westin Hotel, Long
Beach, June 2000 Session: Environmental Liabilities Associated with Oil Industry Operations
28 Ghilingar, G.V. and B. Endres. 2005. Environmental hazards posed by the Los Angeles Basin urban oilfields:
an historical perspective of lessons learned in Environmental Geology (2005) 47:302-317
29 Schmitz, Ron, P. Carlson, M. D. Watson, and B. P. Erno. 1993. Husky Oil’s Gas Migration Research Effort –
30 National Energy Board, November 2009 A Primer for Understanding Canadian Shale Gas – Energy Briefing Note
31 Stonehouse, Darrell. 2007. Money and Brains Stealth Venture and Canyon Technical Services partner to
answer unconventional fracturing challenges in Energy Evolution The Rise of Unconventional Gas in
Canada Vol. 1, 2007, Canadian Society for Unconventional Gas (CSUG) name later changed to Canadian
Society for Unconventional Resources (CSUR) and June Warren Publishing Ltd.
32 The ERCB (previously EUB) falls under or becomes the Alberta Energy Regulator (AER), June 2013.
33 ERCB (EUB). April 6, 1999. General Bulletin GB 99-06. Application of stable carbon isotope ratio
measurements to the investigations of gas migration and surface casing vent flow sour detection. Recently removed from the ERCB website.
34 Bachu, S. (Alberta Energy and Utilities Board) and T. Watson (T.L. Watson and Associates Inc). 2007. Factors
Affecting or Indicating Potential Wellbore Leakage Presentation to the 3rd IEA-GHG Wellbore Workshop, March
12-13, 2007. SPE Paper 106817, 200
35 National Ground Water Association. May 24, 2013. Journal article evaluates methane sources in groundwater in Pennsylvania
36 Muehlenbachs, K. November 14, 2011. Identifying the Sources of Fugitive Methane Associated with Shale
Gas Development. Presentation in Washington, USA: Resources for the Future. Managing the Risks of Shale
37 Lemay, T.G., and Konhauser, K.O. September, 2006. Water Chemistry of Coalbed Methane Reservoirs ERCB.
EUB/AGS Special Report 081.
38 Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers / Van Stempvoort, D. R., E. J. Jaworski, and M. Rieser. 1996.
(1995). CAPP Pub. #1996-0003.
39 Albrecht, Tammy. August 2008. Using sequential hydrochemical analysis to characterize water quality
variability at Mamm Creek Gas Field Area, Southeast Piceance Basin, Colorado. A thesis submitted to the
Faculty of Trustees of the Colorado School of Mines in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science (Hydrology).
40 Arkadaskiy, S. K. Muehlenbachs, C. Mendoza, and B. Szatkowski. 2005. Anaerobic oxidation of natural gas
in soil – The geochemicals evidence? Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts 2005. Life in Extreme Environments.
41 Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers / Van Stempvoort, D. R., E. J. Jaworski, and M. Rieser. 1996.
(1995). CAPP Pub. #1996-0003.
42 Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers / Van Stempvoort, D. R., and E. J. Jaworski. 1995. Migration of
#1995-0001. Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers.
43 US Environmental Protection Agency. June, 2004 Evaluation of Impacts to Underground Sources of Drinking
Water by Hydraulic Fracturing of Coalbed Methane Reservoirs Chapter 3 Characteristics of Coalbed Methane
Production and Associated Hydraulic Fracturing Practices EPA 816-R-04-003
US Environmental Protection Agency. June, 2004. Public Comment and Response Summary for the Study of
44 Davies, Richard J., Simon Mathias, Jennifer Moss, Steinar Hustoft and Leo Newport. April 21, 2012.
Hydraulic fractures: How far can they go? in Marine and Petroleum Geology (2012), doi:10.1016/ j.marpetgeo. 2012
45 Bachu, S. (Alberta Energy and Utilities Board) and T. Watson (T.L. Watson and Associates Inc). March 19,
2008. Wellbore Leakage Potential in CO2 Storage or EOR Fourth Wellbore Integrity Network Meeting, Paris, France.
46 Castelvecchi, Davide. June 30. 2011. France becomes first country to ban extraction of natural gas by fracking. Scientific American
47 CBC News. November 29, 2011 Fractured Future D oes the natural gas industry need a new messenger? A
48 Muehlenbachs, K. November 14, 2011. Identifying the Sources of Fugitive Methane Associated with Shale
Gas Development. Presentation in Washington, USA: Resources for the Future. Managing the Risks of Shale
49 Côté, Charles. December 29, 2011. Eau contaminée: le ministre Arcand prend la situation «très au sérieux»
Unofficial translation La Presse.
50 Côté, Charles. January 17, 2012. Gaz de schiste dans l'eau: le chercheur s'est trompé, affirme Québec La Presse.
51 Muehlenbachs, K. Updated January, 2012. Identifying the Sources of Fugitive Methane Associated with Shale
Gas Development, updated January 2012 with new data Original presented on November 14, 2011 in
Washington, USA: Resources for the Future. Managing the Risks of Shale Gas: Identifying a Pathway toward
52 Emails to Ernst versus Encana 2012.
53 National Energy Board, November 2009 A Primer for Understanding Canadian Shale Gas – Energy Briefing Note
54 Wilber, Tom. May 15, 2013. Efforts to test Marcellus in upstate NY produces leaky well Carrizo crews on site to fix casing problem in Owego. Shale Gas Review.
55 Radio-Canada. April 11, 2013. Fuite de gaz sur le site du puits Haldimand no 1. Amie du Richelieu translation
Gas leak at well site Haldimand 1 April 13, 2013.
56 Fournier, Johanne. April 12, 2013. Du gaz détecté à Haldimand no 1 La Presse. Translation Gas detected
57 Pétroliagaz. February 7, 2006. Haldimand#1 well produces oil while drilling continues
58 Petromanas Energy Inc. Website on April 7, 2013. Board of Directors
59 Géllinas, Geneviève. March 30, 2013. Fracturer à Haldimand : nécessaire ou pas? Fracture in Haldimand:
necessary or not? La Presse
60 Radio-Canada. April 11, 2013. Fuite de gaz sur le site du puits Haldimand no 1. Amie du Richelieu translation
Gas leak at well site Haldimand 1 April 13, 2013.
61 CBC News. January 27, 2013. Pétrolia suspends oil drilling plan near Gaspé.
62 Van Praet, Nicolas. April 24, 2013. Petrolia asks court to rule on Gaspé drilling ban Financial Post
63 Quebec Government. May 15, 2013. Projet de loi n°37 : Loi interdisant certaines activités destinées à
64 Quebec Government. May 2013. Règlement sur le prélèvement des eaux et leur protection.
65 Langelier, Richard (LL.D.). May 18, 2013. Analyse préliminaire des récents projets de loi et de règlement.
Durand, Marc. May 21, 2013. Notes de Marc Durand, doct-ing en géologie appliquée, sur le projet de loi qui
formalise le moratoire sur les gaz de schiste. Translation, May 21, 2013: Notes by Marc Durand, D. Eng. in
Tache d'huile. Gaz de schiste - Gaspésie et Anticosti mis de côté. May 16, 2013. Translation, May 19, 2013:
Moratoire d’une Génération and Pétroliques anonymes of Rivière-du-Loup. May 15, 2013. Projet de loi
INSATISFAISANT COMMUNIQUÉ Translation, May 16, 2013: Press Release Bill banning some activities
66 Collectif scientifque sur la question du gaz de schiste. May 30, 2013. Des projets incohérents disent des
scientifiques indépendants English Translation by Amie du Richelieu. June 2, 2013.
68 Watson, T.L. and Bachu, S. 2009. Evaluation of the Potential for Gas and CO; Leakage Along Wellbores SPE
Drill & Compl 24 (1): 115-126. SPE-106817-PA.
69 National Energy Board, November 2009 A Primer for Understanding Canadian Shale Gas – Energy Briefing
70 Dougherty, K. Fracking will cause ‘irreversible harm’ Shale-gas extraction a huge risk originally published in
The Montreal Gazette, March 7, 2011.
71 Robertson, J.O., G. V. Chilingar, L. F. Khilyuk & B. Endres. Available Online June 7, 2012. Migration of Gas
from Oil/Gas Fields Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 34:15, 1436-
1447.
72 Tilley, Barb and Karlis Muehlenbachs. 2012. Fingerprinting of gas contaminating groundwater and soil in a
petroliferous region, Alberta, Canada in Proceedings from International Network of Environmental Forensics
conference, Cambridge, UK, July 25-27, 2011.
73 Tait, Douglas R., and Isaac R. Santos, Damien T. Maher, Tyler J. Cyronak, and Rachael J. Davis. February 27,
2013. Enrichment of Radon and Carbon Dioxide in the Open Atmosphere of an Australian Coal Seam Gas Field
Environ. Sci. Technol., 2013, 47 (7), pp 3099–3104, DOI: 10.1021/es304538g
74 Southern Cross University. April 2, 2013. New study finds correlation between CSG wells and radon
75 Santos, Issac and Damien Maher. 2012. Ongoing Study: Fugitive Emissions from Coal Seam Gas Centre for
Coastal Biogeochemistry, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University
76 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. April 12, 2013. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and
Sinks: 1990-2011 EPA 430-R-13-001
77 Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences. May 14, 2013. Mystery Solved: Previously
78 Szatkowski, B., Whittaker, S., Johnston, B., Sikstrom, C., and K. Muehlenbachs, 2001. “Identifying the source of dissolved hydrocarbons in aquifers using stable carbon isotopes.” G-Chem Environmental Ltd., Imperial Oil Resources Ltd., and the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta.
79 Maxxam Analytical Labs. 2006. Environmental Services Solutions. Coalbed Methane Operations, Baseline
Water-Well Testing Issue No. sol-050e. Previously available at www.maxxam.ca/solutions/
80 Dusterhoff, Dale, G. Wilson, and K. Newman. 2002. Field Study on the use of Cement Pulsation to Control
Gas Migration Paper presented to the Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc.
81 Bachu, S. and M. A. Celia. November, 2005. Evaluation of the Fate of CO2 Injected into Deep Saline
Aquifers in the Wabamum Lake Area, Alberta Basin, Canada. Proposed Test Case Princeton Workshop on
Geological Storage of CO2, November 1-3, 2005.
82 Debruijn, Gunnar. 2008. Expert Viewpoint-Well Cementing. Schlumberger Limited.
83 ERCB (EUB) Statistical Series 57, 98/99. Field Surveillance April 1998/March 1999 Provincial Summaries.
84 Watson, T.L. and Bachu, S. 2009. Evaluation of the Potential for Gas and CO; Leakage Along Wellbores SPE
Drill & Compl 24 (1): 115-126. SPE-106817-PA.
85 ERCB. 2011 (Branch Provincial Summary for 2010). ST57-2011 Field Surveillance and Operations.
86 CBC News. Leaks found in shale gas wells: Que. Report; 31 were inspected and ‘more than half have
problems,’ says environmental expert. January 5, 2011
87 Schmitz, Ron, P. Carlson, M. D. Watson, and B. P. Erno. 1993. Husky Oil’s Gas Migration Research Effort –
88 Mavroudis, Damien. 2001. Downhole Environmental Risks Associated with Drilling and Well Completion
Practices in the Cooper/Eromanga Basins Department of Primary Resources and Industries South Australia.
Book 2001-00009.
89 Queensland Government Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation June 1, 2010
90 Newman, K., A. Wojtanowicz, and B.C. Gahan. 2001. Cement pulsation improves gas well cementing . World
Oil. http://business.highbeam.com/1886/article-1G1-76781953/cement-pulsation-improves-gas-well-cementing
91 Stein, D., T.J. Griffin Jr., and D. Dusterhoft. 2003. Cement Pulsation Reduces Remedial Cementing Costs. In
GasTIPS Winter 2003.
92 Watson, T.L. and Bachu, S. 2009. Evaluation of the Potential for Gas and CO; Leakage Along Wellbores SPE
Drill & Compl 24 (1): 115-126. SPE-106817-PA.
93 ERCB (EUB). May, 2004. Presentation by Manager Jim Reid: Shallow Operations Issues Removed from the
ERCB website
94 ERCB (EUB) Directive 027. January 31, 2006. Original Shallow Fracturing Operations-Interim Controls,
Restricted Operations, and Technical Review.[Removed from the regulator’s website and replaced with this
95 ERCB (EUB) A listing of some shallow fracture communication events in Alberta Date unknown, but prior to
EUB Bulletin 2005-33.
96 British Columbia Oil and Gas Commission Safety Advisory 2010-03. May 20, 2010. Communication during
97 Kusnetz, N. December 28, 2011. Oh, Canada’s Become a Home for Record Fracking Propublica
98 Handren, P. 2011 A Case History of Tracking Water Movement Through Fracture Systems in the Barnett
Shale EPA Workshop
99 Thompson, Suzi. December 20, 2012. ERCB: New rules coming for fracking and unconventional
resources Fast Forward Weekly
100 ERCB. January 23, 2012. Appendix A: Interwellbore communications during fracturing operation events
101 ERCB. January 23, 2012. Bulletin 2012-02: Hydraulic Fracturing: Interwellbore Communication between
102 The Alberta Government changed the EUB's name to the ERCB after the regulator was caught breaking the
law and spying on Albertans: The Office of the Information and Privacy Commissioner Investigation Report
June 2013, the government changes the ERCB's name again to the Alberta Energy Regulator.
103 ERCB (EUB) Directive 027. January 31, 2006. Original Shallow Fracturing Operations-Interim Controls,
Restricted Operations, and Technical Review. [The regulator replaced the original with this version]
104 Thompson, Suzi. December 20, 2012. ERCB: New rules coming for fracking and unconventional
resources Fast Forward Weekly
105 IEA Greenhouse Gas R & D Programme 2nd Wellbore Integrity Workshop, 2006/12, September, 2006
106 British Columbia Oil and Gas Commission. August 2012. Investigation of Observed Seismicity in the Horn
107 Christopher A. Green, Christopher A., Peter Styles and Brian J. Baptie. April 2012. Preese Hall Shale Gas
Fracturing Review & Recommendations for Induced Seismic Mitigation. Government of the United Kingdom.
108 Lechtenböhmer, S., M. Altmann, S. Capito, Z. Matra, W. Weindorf, and W. Zittel. European Parliament’s
Committee on Environment, Public Health and Food Safety. June 2011. Directorate General for Internal Policie,
109 Perkins, Gary, Associate General Counsel. February 19, 2013. ERCB Letter to Mr. Stewart Shields FOIP for
110 Legere, Laura. May 19, 2013. Open records case produced untracked drilling documents Times-Tribune
111 Legere, Laura. May 19, 2013. Sunday Times review of DEP drilling records reveals water damage, murky
testing methods Times Tribune Sunday Times
Phillips, Susan. May 24, 2013. DEP’s Fracking Record-Keeping Blocks Transparency. NPR State Impact
112 Scranton Times-Tribune. May 23, 2013. DEP as murky as frack water
113 Alberta Office of the Information and Privacy Commissioner. Order F2012-06. March 30, 2012. Alberta
114 Alberta Innovates Technologies Futures (previously Alberta Research Council) letter to Jessica Ernst. May 18, 2012. Advising that: “All files relating to the Investigation File No. 7894 (the Applicant’s file) are with Alberta
Environment and Sustainable Development’s legal department and are client-solicitor privileged as a result of
the Applicant’s legal suit against EnCana, ERCB, and The Department.”
115 Nikiforuk, A. December 19, 2011. Fracking Contamination “Will Get Worse”: Alberta Expert The Tyee
116 Groat, C. G. and T. W. Grimshaw. 2012. “Fact Based Regulation for Environmental Protection in Shale Gas”
Development. Energy Institute, University of Texas, Austin.
Previously available at http://energy.utexas.edu/images/ei_shale_gas_regulation120215.pdf
117 The Irish Times How the US energy industry stopped worrying and learned to love fracking March 21, 2012.
118 Groat, C. G. and T. W. Grimshaw. 2012. “Fact Based Regulation for Environmental Protection in Shale Gas”
Development. Energy Institute, University of Texas, Austin.
Previously available at http://energy.utexas.edu/images/ei_shale_gas_regulation120215.pdf
119 Energy Institute Press Release “New Study Shows No Evidence of Groundwater Contamination from
Hydraulic Fracturing” February 16, 2012, University of Texas, Austin. Previously available at:
Available with update on "apparent conflict of interest" at: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-02/teianss021012.php
120 ABC, Four Corners. April 2013. GAS LEAK! Reported by Matthew Carney and Connie Agius.
121 Hetzler, Paul. December 13, 2011 Hydrofracking sure to contaminate water Watertown Daily Times
122 Dusseault, M. B. Summer, 2002. Why Old Wells Leak . Cement-Casing Rock Interaction – University of
Waterloo/Porous Media Research Institute. In Eye on Environment. Previously available at
www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/environment/eyesum02.pdf
123 Dusseault, M. B. 2003. Some Recommendations Relating to Alberta Heavy Oil. Report prepared for the
Alberta Department of Energy.
124 Bachu, S. (Alberta Energy and Utilities Board) and T. Watson (T.L. Watson and Associates Inc). 2007. Factors Affecting or Indicating Potential Wellbore Leakage Presentation to the 3rd IEA-GHG Wellbore Workshop, March 12-13, 2007. SPE Paper 106817, 200
125 Dusseault, M. B., M.N. Gray and P.A. Nowrocki, 2000. Why Oilwells Leak: Cement Behaviour and Long-
Term Consequences prepared for presentation at the Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc. International Oil and
Gas Conference and Exhibition in China held in Beijing, China, 7–10 November 2000
126 Waffle, Chris R., Darren L. Tisdale and Cory A. MacNeill. January 28, 2010. The Horseshoe Canyon Coals of
Central Alberta — A Dry CBM Play Adapted from an oral presentation by Trident Exploration Corporation at
Eastern Section AAPG Annual Meeting, Evansville, Indiana, September 20-22, 2009.
127 ERCB. September 7, 2011. Alberta’s Unconventional Oil & Natural Gas, Answering Your Questions About
128 For the sake of this brief, the multi-name changed regulator is termed Alberta Environment
129 Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers / Van Stempvoort, D. R., E. J. Jaworski, and M. Rieser. 1996.
(1995). CAPP Pub. #1996-0003.
Alberta. Amended on April 21, 2011. Court File No. 0702-00120. Fresh Statement of Claim. Legal briefs filed
by defendants.
131 EnCana. March 9, 2006. EnCana on methane in water in EnCana Energy for People In Your
Community in Strathmore Standard
132 von Hauff, Heather. October 2007 (slide dated September 9, 2005). Alberta Environment update on groundwater research and policy development.
133 Lemay, T.G., and Konhauser, K.O. September, 2006. Water Chemistry of Coalbed Methane Reservoirs
ERCB. EUB/AGS Special Report 081.
134 Lemay, T.G., and Konhauser, K.O. September, 2006. Water Chemistry of Coalbed Methane Reservoirs
ERCB. EUB/AGS Special Report 081.
Alberta Environment test results on gases in contaminated Rosebud water wells
135 Kappel, William M., and Elizabeth A. Nystrom. August 2012. Dissolved methane in New York groundwater,
1999 - 2011. US Geological Survey Report 2012-1162, 6 p. Prepared in cooperation with the New York State
Department of Environmental Conservation.
136 New York State Oil, Gas and Mineral Resources. 2004. Inspections, Fees and Fines.
137 New York Department of Environmental Conservation. Website, May 18, 2013. Oil, Gas and Solution Salt
138 New York State Oil, Gas and Mineral Resources. 2004. Inspections, Fees and Fines.
140 Hydrogeological Consultants Ltd. Various years. Regional Groundwater Assessments In conjunction with
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration
141 Alberta public meetings assuring groundwater protection, 2006 and onward
142 Alberta Environment. Alberta Water Well Information Database
143 McLeod, Andrew. June 21, 2006. Burning Waters: UVic Partner’s environmental record questioned Monday
Magazine.
144 Alberta Environment. 2010. Alberta Water Well Information Database
145 Cornell University, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Anthony R. Ingaffea
146 Ingraffea, Anthony R. October 2012. Fluid Migration mechanisms due to faulty well design and / or
construction: An overview and recent experiences in the Pennsylvania Marcellus Play. Physicians, Scientists and
147 Detected in sampling by Alberta Environment in the Signer drinking water, November 2, 2006 and in the
Hamlet of Rosebud drinking water, spring 2006.
148 Detected in sampling by Alberta Environment in the Hamlet of Rosebud drinking water, spring 2006
149 Detected in sampling by Alberta Environment in the Ernst drinking water, March 3, 2006
150 US Environmental Protection Agency. June, 2004 Evaluation of Impacts to Underground Sources of Drinking Water by Hydraulic Fracturing of Coalbed Methane Reservoirs Chapter 3 Characteristics of Coalbed Methane Production and Associated Hydraulic Fracturing Practices EPA 816-R-04-003
151 ERCB. May 21, 2013. Directive 083: Hydraulic Fracturing – Subsurface Integrity
152 EnCana Investor Days March 16 and 18, 2010.
153 Stonehouse, Darrell. 2007. Money and Brains Stealth Venture and Canyon Technical Services partner to
answer unconventional fracturing challenges in Energy Evolution The Rise of Unconventional Gas in
Canada Vol. 1, 2007, Candian Society for Unconventional Gas (CSUG) name later changed to Canadian Society
for Unconventional Resources (CSUR) and June Warren Publishing Ltd.
154 Waffle, Chris R., Darren L. Tisdale and Cory A. MacNeill. January 28, 2010. The Horseshoe Canyon Coals of
Central Alberta — A Dry CBM Play Adapted from an oral presentation by Trident Exploration Corporation at
Eastern Section AAPG Annual Meeting, Evansville, Indiana, September 20-22, 2009.
155 Blyth, A. December 31, 2007. Signer Water Well Complaint Review. Alberta Research Council Inc. Prepared
for Alberta Environment.
156 Richards, Tadzio. March 17, 2007. Burning Water Maisonneuve Magazine The Controversy Issue
157 EnCana. July 1, 2004. Gas analysis on 05-14-27-22-W4M
158 Hydrogeological Consultants Ltd. January, 2005. EnCana Corporation. Redland Area. NE10-027-22-W4M.
Sean Kenny Site Investigation. File No.: 04:510.
159 Health Canada. Canadian Drinking Water Guidelines.
160 ERCB. December 20, 2012. ERCB Investigation Report: Caltex Energy Inc., Hydraulic Fracturing Incident,
161 Blyth, A. December 31, 2007. Ernst Water Well Complaint Review Alberta Research Council Inc. Prepared
for Alberta Environment.
Blyth, A. December 31, 2007. Signer Water Well Complaint Review. Alberta Research Council Inc. Prepared
for Alberta Environment.
Blyth, A. December 20, 2007. Lauridsen Water Well Complaint Review. Alberta Research Council Inc.
Prepared for Alberta Environment.
Technology Futures (previously Alberta Research Council) Case File Numbers F4743, F4762 March 30, 2012.
163 Blyth, A. December 31, 2007. Ernst Water Well Complaint Review. Alberta Research Council Inc. Prepared
for Alberta Environment.
164 Blyth, A. December 31, 2007. Signer Water Well Complaint Review. Alberta Research Council Inc. Prepared
for Alberta Environment.
Blyth, A. December 20, 2007. Lauridsen Water Well Complaint Review. Alberta Research Council Inc.
Prepared for Alberta Environment.
165 Media Alert by complainants. March 19, 2008 8 Landowners Reject Closure of Groundwater Cases: Demand
166 Tilley, Barb and Karlis Muehlenbachs. January 23, 2008. Letter to MLA Dr. David Swann
167 ERCB (EUB). December 9, 2005. Bulletin 2005-33: Shallow Fracturing Operations: New Requirements,
Restricted Operations, and Technical Review Committee Removed from the ERCB website.
168 Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers. September 2003. Natural Gas from Coal in Alberta Position
169 Hydrogeological Consultants Ltd. January, 2005. “EnCana Corporation. Redland Area. NE10-027-22-W4M.
Sean Kenny Site Investigation.” File No.: 04:510.
170 Alberta Environment. April 2006. “Standard for Baseline Water-Well Testing for Coalbed Methane/Natural
Gas in Coal Operations.”
171 Nikiforuk, A. February 23, 2012. Alberta Plays Catch-up on Frack Front The Tyee
172 HR 7231 IH, 110th Congress 2nd Session. In the House of Representatives, September 29, 2008
173 Congress of the United States Committee on Energy and Commerce letter dated July 19, 2010 to Mr. Randy
Eresman, President and Chief Operating Officer of EnCana and ten other companies including Occidental
174 Flower, Jayana. September 2, 2010. Letter from Encana legal counsel to Ernst.
175 ERCB. September 7, 2011. Alberta’s Unconventional Oil & Natural Gas, Answering Your Questions About
Our Energy Resources Package Removed from the ERCB website.
176 Nikiforuk, Andrew. June 2006. The Groundwater Debate. The Calgary Herald.
177 Ernst FOIP to Alberta Environment in 2007; to the Alberta Research Council in 2008 – Inquiry because of
withheld and censored public records concluded March 30, 2012 ordering all records released uncensored, a
complete refund of fees and a possible reopening of the Alberta Environment Inquiry (Order 2010-01).
178 Johnston, Patricia M. (General Counsel to the ERCB). April 24, 2012. Letter to Jessica Ernst.
179 EnCana. 2005. Recycling Frac Fluid Pilot Investigation into Water Based Frac Fluid Use in Drilling Fluids
Associated with Shallow Gas Wells on the Suffield Block. PTAC 2005 Water Efficiency and Innovation Forum,
June 23, Calgary. Previously available at: http://www.ptac.org/env/dl/envf0502p07.pdf
180 Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Public Lands and Forests Division. LWD Review Team: John
Begg, Kevin Ball, Barry Cole, Lowell Calder, Barry Adams, Bruce Cairns, Dom Ruggieri, and Suzanne Hawkes-
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368 Campbell, Ronalie and Shawn. June 8, 2013. Number of reports to June 8, 2013 on the Campbell Water
369 FrackingCanada Community Voice: The Campbells
370 Campbell, Ronalie and Shawn. June 8, 2013. Number of reports to June 8, 2013 on the Campbell Water
371 Alberta Hansard, February 28, 2006: Alberta Government promise to citizens with methane contaminated
water in frac’d coalbed methane areas Legislative Assembly of Alberta.
372 Alberta Hansard, May 29, 2007: Alberta Hansard: Not the role of Alberta Environment to advocate on behalf
of the environment Legislative Assembly of Alberta
374 Alberta Environment. April 2004. Guidelines for Groundwater Diversion for Coalbed Methane/Natural Gas in
375 Results from 2008 FOIP request Ernst to the Alberta Research Council after inquiry by the Commissioner's
Office ordered the release of withheld records in 2012.
378 Encana. May 1, 2013 (first appeared in about January 2012). Update on Ernst Lawsuit. Copied from:
379 Alberta Energy Minister Ken Hughes letter to Ronalie and Shawn Campbell, dated April 29, 2013, Emailed on
April 30, 2013. in Number of reports to June 8, 2013 on the Campbell Water Contamination case. The
Campbell’s response and earlier correspondence is available at FrackingCanada Who Votes for This?
380 Freedom of Information, records sent in response to Ernst request to the Alberta Research Council, 2008
381 Kusnetz, N. December 28, 2011. Oh, Canada’s Become a Home for Record Fracking Propublica
Results from FOIP request by Ernst to Alberta Environment, 2008, after numerous reviews by the
Commissioner's Office regarding withheld records
382 Nikiforuk, A. December 19, 2011. Fracking Contamination “Will Get Worse”: Alberta Expert The Tyee
383 Alberta Hansard, February 28, 2006: Alberta Government promise to citizens with methane contaminated
water in frac’d coalbed methane areas Legislative Assembly of Alberta.
384 Alberta Environment. January 16 & 17, 2008. Sample Form Letter to complainants on the closure of their
Groundwater Contamination Investigation No. 7894.
385 Brent Brelje, Brent. April 10-12, 2013. Removing Methane in Drinking Water from Domestic Wells Located
in a Shale Gas Exploration Area SLR International Corporation presentation, WATERtech Conference, Banff
Springs, AB.
386 Blyth, A. December 31, 2007. Ernst Water Well Complaint Review Alberta Research Council Inc. Prepared
for Alberta Environment.
Blyth, A. December 31, 2007. Signer Water Well Complaint Review. Alberta Research Council Inc. Prepared
for Alberta Environment.
Blyth, A. December 20, 2007. Lauridsen Water Well Complaint Review. Alberta Research Council Inc. Prepared
for Alberta Environment.
387 Media reports, and statements in public town hall meetings.
388 ERCB. December 20, 2012. ERCB Investigation Report: Caltex Energy Inc., Hydraulic Fracturing Incident,
389 Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers. 2012. More Facts, Less Friction
390 Natural Resources Canada. August 5, 2011. Shale Gas
391 Linnitt, C. December 22, 2012. Alberta Finds Mismanagement of Errors Causes Fracking Water
Contamination Desmogblog
392 Thompson, Suzi. December 20, 2012. ERCB: New rules coming for fracking and unconventional
resources Fast Forward Weekly
393 Pratt, Sheila. December 20, 2012. Leaking fracking fluid contaminated groundwater near Grande Prairie:
394 Thompson, Suzi. December 20, 2012. ERCB: New rules coming for fracking and unconventional
resources Fast Forward Weekly
395 Thompson, Suzi. December 20, 2012. ERCB: New rules coming for fracking and unconventional
resources Fast Forward Weekly
396 ernstversusencana.ca Allegations yet to be proven in court.
397 ERCB. December 12, 2012. Investigation Report: Midway Hydraulic Fracturing Incident, January 13, 2012
398 www.arc.ab.ca (website removed off the Internet and replaced with a different one under Alberta Innovates)
399 Nikiforuk, A. December 19, 2011. Fracking Contamination “Will Get Worse”: Alberta Expert The Tyee
400 Nikiforuk, A. February 23, 2012. Alberta Plays Catch-up on Frack Front The Tyee
401 Nikiforuk, A. February 23, 2012. Alberta Plays Catch-up on Frack Front The Tyee
402 Muehlenbachs, K. January, 2012. Identifying the Sources of Fugitive Methane Associated with Shale Gas
Development, updated with new data Original presented on November 14, 2011 in Washington, USA: Resources
for the Future. Managing the Risks of Shale Gas: Identifying a Pathway toward Responsible Development
403 Auditor General of Canada. 2012 Fall Report of the Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable
404 Alberta Energy Website. April 24, 2013. Shale Gas
405 ERCB. May 21, 2013. Directive 083: Hydraulic Fracturing – Subsurface Integrity
406 Watson, Teresa. March 14, 2013. Energy Resources Conservation Board Presentation at The Fracking Truth,
Schulich School of Engineering, Calgary Alberta
407 Yedlin, D. April 2, 2013. Chair of Alberta’s new energy regulator a real industry insider Calgary Herald
Nikiforuk, A. April 2, 2013. The Tyee
Henton, D., April 3, 2013. Protti named new energy regulator Calgary Herald
408 Young, Joan. April 5, 2013. Letter to the Editor. Edmonton Journal
409 Alberta Ministry of Energy. 2012. The Ministry of Energy Annual Report 2011-12. P. 95. ISSN 1703-4574
410 Yedlin, D. April 13, 2013. Yedlin: Getting down to building new energy regulator. Calgary Herald
411 Healing, Dan. September 9, 2011. Canadian fracking guidelines unveiled, CAPP aims to increase transparency
Calgary Herald
412 Public Policy Forum. January 24, 2005. Fueling our Future: Strategic Energy Policy Opportunities for Canada
413 Public Policy Forum. March, 2005. British Columbia: Canada's Pacific Gateway to the World
414 Cenovus Website. April 10, 2013. Our History
415 Bloomberg Businessweek, March 20, 2013
416 Alberta Innovates - Technology Futures April 7, 2013. Leadership
417 Manas Petroleum Press Release. February 24, 2010. Manas Completes Albanian Transaction
418 Petromanas Energy Inc. Website as of April 7, 2013
419 Sub-One Technology. Website April 7, 2013. Board of Directors
420 Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. Website, April 7, 2013. Gerard J. Protti details were available at
www.cifar.ca/gerard-j-protti – all Protti details had been removed by the May 7, 2013 link check.
421 Sixth Estate. April 7, 2013. Cached Leadership file and Cached Members file of Energy Policy Institute of
Canada (EPIC); EPIC Members include Cenovus Energy and EnCana
422 Office of the Ethics Commissioner of Alberta. April 2, 2013. Lobbyist Registration for Energy Policy Institute
423 Public Policy Forum. March, 2005. British Columbia: Canada's Pacific Gateway to the World
424 Energy Policy Institute of Canada. November 2011. A Strategy for Canada’s Global Energy Leadership
425 McLeod, Andrew. June 21, 2006. Burning Waters: UVic Partner’s environmental record questioned Monday
Magazine.
426 Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers. May 2006 (footer says January, 2006) Best Management
427 Results from 2008 FOIP request Ernst to the Alberta Research Council after inquiry by the Commissioner's
Office ordered the release of withheld records in 2012.
428 Gelinas, Grant. October 25 (Part One) & 26 (Part Two), 2006. Documentary on the Bruce Jack Contaminated
Water Well Explosion. CBC News.
429 Yedlin, D. April 2, 2013. Chair of Alberta’s new energy regulator a real industry insider Calgary Herald
430 Yedlin, D. April 13, 2013. Yedlin: Getting down to building new energy regulator Calgary Herald
431 Business News Network. January 13, 2013. Fracking Contamination Will Only Get Worse Bell Media
432 Nikiforuk, A. December 19, 2011. Fracking Contamination “Will Get Worse”: Alberta Expert The Tyee
433 Regroupement interrégional sur le gaz de schiste de la vallée du Saint-Laurent. June 2013. Projet de Loi 37.
434 Québec government. 2011. Compilation pétroliere et gaziere - Québec. Ministère des Ressources naturelles et
de la Faune, Direction du bureau des hydrocarbures.
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